At the same time, political signals from Washington have grown increasingly clear: Europe must take greater responsibility for its own defence.
European leaders now find themselves caught between two imperatives—deterring future aggression while maintaining unity at home.
EU leaders agreed last December on a new €90 billion loan package to support Ukraine. Meanwhile, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced a series of defence initiatives aimed at strengthening Europe’s deterrence capacity by 2030.
These moves come amid stark rhetoric. On 2 December,
