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Whereas genetics establish the baseline risk and physical activity helps maintain cardiovascular function, recent clinical evidence suggests that dietary patterns play a central role in addressing the growing burden of cardiovascular disease. Contemporary guidelines on cardiovascular health have shifted away from focusing on individual nutrients toward promoting overall dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean and DASH diets, which emphasize whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats in relation to key risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia.

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